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There are seven verb paradigms or speech levels in Korean, and each level has its own unique set of verb endings which are used to indicate the level of formality of a situation. Unlike "honorifics" – which are used to show respect towards someone mentioned in a sentence – speech levels are used to show respect towards a speaker's or writer's audience, or reflect the formality or informality of the situation.
The names of the seven levels are derived from the non-honorific imperative form of the verb hada (하다; "to do") in each level, plus the suffix che (체, 體), which means "style". Each Korean speech level can be combined with honorific or non-honorific noun and verb forms. Taken together, there are 14 combinations.
These days, some of these speech levels are disappearing from use in everyday life. Hasoseoche, which is used only in movies or dramas set in older eras, is barely used by modern Koreans, and hageche exists almost only in novels.
Contents |
Name | Hasoseo-che (하소서체) |
---|---|
Formality | very high |
Politeness | high |
Currency | archaic |
Traditionally used when addressing a king, queen, or high official; now used only in historical dramas and the Bible
Present | Honorific Present | 1st Person | 2nd Person |
---|---|---|---|
hanaida (하나이다) |
hasinaida (하시나이다) |
jeo (저) |
a title, e.g. imgeum (임금) |
Name | Hapsyo-che (합쇼체) |
---|---|
Formality | high |
Politeness | high |
Currency | very common |
This conversational style is generally called either the "formal" or the "formal polite." This is a common style of speaking. A conversation with a stranger will generally start out in this style and gradually fade into more and more frequent haeyo-che. It is used
Present | Honorific Present | 1st Person | 2nd Person |
---|---|---|---|
hamnida (합니다) |
hasimnida (하십니다) |
jeo (저) |
a title, e.g. seonsaengnim (선생님) |
The middle levels are used when there is some conflict or uncertainty about the social status of one or both participants in a conversation. The hage-che and hao-che are being replaced by or merging with haeyo-che.
Name | Haeyo-che (해요체) |
---|---|
Formality | low |
Politeness | high |
Currency | common |
This speech style is called the "polite" style in English. It is remarkable in that it is used both with higher level pronouns (namely, titles) as well as the middle level second person pronoun dangsin. It is used mainly
Present | Honorific Present | 1st Person | 2nd Person |
---|---|---|---|
haeyo (해요) |
haseyo (하세요) (common), hasyeoyo (하셔요) (rare) |
jeo (저) |
dangsin 당신 a title, e.g. seonsaengnim (선생님) |
Name | Hao-che (하오체) |
---|---|
Formality | high |
Politeness | neutral |
Currency | older generation |
This conversational style is called the "semi-formal," "middle," "formal lateral," or "authoritarian" style in English. In Seoul, the 쇼 -syo ending is frequently pronounced 수 su. It was originally a refined, poetic style that people resorted to in ambiguous social situations, but, due to its over-use by authority figures during Korea's period of dictatorship, it became associated with power and bureaucracy and gained a negative connotation. Consequently, the generation of Koreans who came of age after democratization conspicuously avoid using it. However, haoche is becoming more popular among college-age Koreans. It is used:
Present | Honorific Present | 1st Person | 2nd Person |
---|---|---|---|
hao (하오) |
hasyo (하쇼), hasio (하시오) |
na (나) |
dangsin (당신) |
Name | Hage-che (하게체) |
---|---|
Formality | neutral |
Politeness | neutral |
Currency | older generation |
This conversational style is called the "familiar." It is intermediate in politeness between haeyo-che and hae-che. It is not used to address children, and it never used to address blood relatives. It is used only
Present | Honorific Present | 1st Person | 2nd Person |
---|---|---|---|
hane (하네) |
hasine (하시네) |
na (나) |
jane (자네) |
The hae-che and haera-che styles are frequently mixed together in the same conversation, so much so that it can be hard to tell what verb endings belong to which style. Endings that may be used in either style are:
Name | Haera-che (해라체) |
---|---|
Formality | high |
Politeness | low |
Currency | common |
This conversational style is generally called the "plain" style. In writing and quoting, the plain style is the equivalent of the third person. Any other written style would feel like a first person account (that is, anything else would seem to be told in the main character's own voice). It is used
Present | Honorific Present | 1st Person | 2nd Person |
---|---|---|---|
handa (한다) |
hasinda (하신다) |
na (나) |
neo (너) |
Name | Hae-che (해체) |
---|---|
Formality | low |
Politeness | low |
Currency | common |
This conversational style is called the "intimate" in English. It is a defective paradigm, meaning it lacks most of the expected conjugational forms. It is used
Non-Honorific Present | Honorific Present | 1st Person | 2nd Person |
---|---|---|---|
hae (해) (in speech), hayeo (하여) (in writing) |
hasyeo(하셔) |
na (나) |
neo (너) |
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